INDONESIA’S ECONOMY : RELIGIOUS SOCIALISM
By : Muh Abdul Halim
(Lecturer of STIE
Ahmad Dahlan Jakarta)
I.
INTRODUCTION
In Indonesia
we can receive a concept of religious socialism. This term firstly was
suggested by Bung Hatta in his speech in Bukit Tinggi, West
Sumatra, in 1932.
According to Bung Hatta, Indonesa's socialism emerged from
three factors.
First, Indonesia's socialism emerged for an order of religion. Since the
existing of religious ethics desiring the existing of brotherhood and helping
each other among men in life intercourse (society), persons motivated to
socialism. Carrying out God's command in this world is their goal. Then, the
feeling of justice touching spirit rebel against a life misery in society
concerning unequel condition and obvious difference between the have and the
have-nots, resulting in various conceptions in men's heart about socialism.
Social claim and humanism can be under stood by Islamic soul, desiring an
implementation of God's command in the imperfect world, that men live in loving
each other and in brotherhood condition and giving mutual aid and having a just
attitude.
So, Indonesia's
socialism emerged from religious values, free from Marxism, (going into Indonesia as a
result of October Revolution in Russia
in 1917). Which exists just a meeting of
social ideals - the Western democration with religious socialism (Islam), where
Marxism a sa way of life of materialism remains to be refused. Socialism
mustn't indeed constitute marxism. Scialism here mustn't be meant as a result
of dialectic law, but as an inner claim, as a life intercourse insuring a
prosperity for everyone, giving a welfare evenly, free from all oppressions.
Second, Indonesia's socialism constitutes an expression of Indonesia's
rebel spirit got injustice treatments from the colonizers. Indonesia's
socialism was born in a movement toward a feedom from humiliation and from
colonial domination, which is also enchanted by social claim and humanism
spread by a socialism movement in the West. This case emerged strongly as Indonesia's
strong will to express its independece : "that an independece is really
right of all nations and therefore, so colonial domination in this world must
be abolished, because it is not in accordance with humanity and justice. And
the struggle for Indonesia's
independence movement had reached a happy time with safe and tranquil to
accompany the Indonesian people on the front of Indonesia State's
gate, which is free, united, sovereign, just and prosperous.
Third, Indonesia's leaders which can't receive marxism, as a philosophy
basing on materialism, looking for socialism sources in a society. For them,
socialism in a psychological claim, a will shall build a just and prosperous
society, free from all oppressions. The socialism in understood as an
institutional claim, having a source in pure subconscious, basing on humanity
and social justice. The religion increases its lighting. But, how to put it and
what is the principle of its social? Bung Hatta answered them comprehensively.
In brief : the principles of Indonesia's
socialism are found at little villages society, which is collective, whose
extent still last until now. A discussion of these principles must be careful
and shall also take care of a discussion of the emergence of an individualization
process, which is resulted from a modern economy. But, this individualization
process still can't eliminate the collectivism within Indonesia's
custom (and law of custom). The process will keep on continuing a san antithese
toward collectivism in a pure society. But Indonesia's socialism ideals want
to defense the spirit of a collectivism a sthe foundation of its building. This
is a root in Indonesia's
life intercourse.
Bung Hatta's view above-mentioned is a matter to interpret Indonesia's
socialism. From that view emerges an essence of Chapter XIV (Chapter of Social
Welfare) containing 2 paragraphs, namely Paragraph 33 and Paragraph 34 of DUD
1945. The existing of State's responsibility to its people, protecting all
Indonesians by taking care of neglected children specially; protecting all born
Indonesian (either earth, water or natural wealth contained within) and the use
of them for the most people's prosperity; moreove with the existing of a view
resulting in citizen's rights relating to the equality of a position and the
feasibility of a human life (Paragraph 27 of UUD 1945); confirming the existing
of socialistic orientation. The regulation of taxes, wealth value (value of
currency), state budget (Paragraph 23) more strengthening this orientation.
II.
DISCUSSION
The principle of Indonesia's economy is socialism,
Indonesia's economy is Indonesia's socialist economy, Namely, an economy
oriental to : Believe in God (the existing of ethics and religious moral and we
must trust God is one, not a materialism); Just and Civilized Humanity
(without exploitation of human); Indonesia Unity (family spirit, togetherness,
nationalsm and economic patriotism); Democracy (stressing people's economy and
basic need goods for common people, economic democration); and Social Justice
for all the Indonesian People (equality, stressing society's prosperity, even
individual's one, social equity).
Justice is a main thing and priority. Person must have a
just attitude without waiting for prosperous, is an order of religion. Not only
the haves must have a just attitude but also the have nots must do so. So that,
in writer's opinion. Indoesia's socialist economy is Ekonomi Pancasila.
(distinguish with Scenario's Ekonomi Orde Baru).
The actualization of Ekonomi Pancasila interpretation
begins to emerge when in a society begins to exist the doubting sides about
development strategy considered stressing growth only that equity has been
neglected, even it is ofter sacrificed. Various seminars about Paragraph 33 of
UUD 1945 have been held by turns since the second five year development plan
(Repelita II) has been implemented. Then this problem was culminating when Bung
Hatta himself concluded in front of Congress of Indonesian Economic Scholar
Association (ISEI) in 1979 that"......... our country is still based on
Pancasila and Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 but politic of economy under our current
technocrat often deviates from those principles. "Furher, he also
told,"...... politic of liberalism is often used as directive. Various
important things for people's life haven't been government's monopoly but
Chineses."
Prof. Emil Salim has evaluated the proclamator's opinion as
a differential way of view. He told,",........ In this congress had emerged
various opinions over Bung Hatta's ones about this technocrat. There are some
persons who correct him, there are also ones who refuse him. An interesting
thing is that opinion difference is expressed rationally and objectively. An
argumentation faces an argumentation. Statistical data is tested with other
one. An analyse competes with an analyse. The economists' opinion can be
different, but in a case has been clear, they have devoted their science and
intellectual ability to society, nation and state. There are no among them
"prostituting" themselves awarely, letting their intellectual
integrity fall. The way of problem view can be different, but the direction of
the devotion is indeed single, namely for a just, prosperous and happy
Indonesian society.
According to Prof. Mubyarto, a good and ideal economy is
based on some, characteristics as follows ;
1)
The Stimulation
of Economic Activity
The basic principle of the one God forms Indoesia's man
economic behavior clearly. Even if it is very difficult to prove that
willingness of self-restraint, sensitive to others' thoughts and family spirit
of Indonesian man concluding its businessmen and the haves are great enough.
2)
Equalization
(French : Eqalitariansm)
If a family spirit, loving each other and sensitive to
others' thoughts have been even at hte whole society, will incarnate becoming a
social solidarity spirit toward social equity. This is a manifestation of the
second basic principle of Pancasila namely just and civilized humanity.
3)
Economic
Nationalism
The nationalism spirit either in politic or economic is
very big for Indonesian. It proved in many battles against the Dutch colonizer
in various areas and centers of kingdom during the Dutch has the authority in Indonesia, and
war struggle to defend Indonesia's
independence.
4)
The Cooperation
problem.
The cooperation problem caused many comments. Many experts which simply trust that Ekonomi
Pancasila system in the future will be colored by many cooperations, by doing
activity in all economic life sectors. They trust that Bung Hatta's formulation
in the explanation of Paragraph 33 UUD 1945 is indeed assumed as a sharp
analyse that has a vision far to he future.
5)
Planning and
Desentralization
Because Indonesia
is a broad enough country, so central planning system can't be effective. Even
the natural resources management can't be efficient. The decentralization
should be an alternative to manage this country. By a decentralization, equity
goals can be achieved easily.
III.
CONCLUSION
Based on the discussion above, we can conclude that the Indonesia's
economy had better be based on five basic principles that are called as Ekonomi
Pancasila. In Mubyarto's opinion, it has five characteristics as follows:
1)
The wheel of economy
should be moved by economic, social and moral stimulation.
2)
A strong will of the
whole society toward social equity condition, according to humanity principles.
3)
The priority of
economic policy is the creation of a strong national economy that means
nationalism inspires each economic policy.
4)
Cooperation is a
pillar of the national economy and it is the concretest form of mutual effort.
5)
The existing of a
clear and strict balance between national planning and decentralization in an
economic activity implementation to insure economic and social justice.
REFERENCES
1. Adi Sasono, The Edification of Informal Sector:
Cooperatives as an Institutional Choice, in Sistem Ekonomi dan Demokrasi
Ekonomi (with Editor : Sri Edi Swasono), UI-Press, Jakarta, 1985.
2. Emil Salim, The Though Subjects : Building Cooperatives
and Ekonomi Pancasila System, UI-Press. Jakarta. 1989.
3. Mubyarto, Some Characteristics and Thoughts Base of
Ekonomi Pancasila System, BPFE-UGM, Yogyakarta,
1990.
4. Mohammad Hatta, The Cooperative Ideals In Paragraph 33
of UUD 1945, in
System Ekonomi dan Demokrasi Ekonomi (with
Editor : Sri-Edi Swasono), UI-Pess. Jakarta,
1985.
5. Sri-Edi Swasono, Indonesia's Economy :
Religious Socialism, in Sistem Ekonomi dan Demokrasi Ekonomi, UI-Press, Jakarta, 1985.
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