Selasa, 05 November 2013

KARYA ILMIAH 1



INDONESIA’S ECONOMY : RELIGIOUS SOCIALISM
By : Muh Abdul Halim
(Lecturer of STIE Ahmad Dahlan Jakarta)

I.             INTRODUCTION
In Indonesia we can receive a concept of religious socialism. This term firstly was suggested by Bung Hatta in his speech in Bukit Tinggi, West Sumatra, in 1932.
According to Bung Hatta, Indonesa's socialism emerged from three factors.
First, Indonesia's socialism emerged for an order of religion. Since the existing of religious ethics desiring the existing of brotherhood and helping each other among men in life intercourse (society), persons motivated to socialism. Carrying out God's command in this world is their goal. Then, the feeling of justice touching spirit rebel against a life misery in society concerning unequel condition and obvious difference between the have and the have-nots, resulting in various conceptions in men's heart about socialism. Social claim and humanism can be under stood by Islamic soul, desiring an implementation of God's command in the imperfect world, that men live in loving each other and in brotherhood condition and giving mutual aid and having a just attitude.
So, Indonesia's socialism emerged from religious values, free from Marxism, (going into Indonesia as a result of October Revolution in Russia in 1917). Which exists just a meeting of social ideals - the Western democration with religious socialism (Islam), where Marxism a sa way of life of materialism remains to be refused. Socialism mustn't indeed constitute marxism. Scialism here mustn't be meant as a result of dialectic law, but as an inner claim, as a life intercourse insuring a prosperity for everyone, giving a welfare evenly, free from all oppressions.
Second, Indonesia's socialism consti­tutes an expression of Indonesia's rebel spirit got injustice treatments from the colonizers. Indonesia's socialism was born in a movement toward a feedom from humiliation and from colonial domination, which is also enchanted by social claim and humanism spread by a socialism movement in the West. This case emerged strongly as Indonesia's strong will to express its independece : "that an independece is really right of all nations and therefore, so colonial domination in this world must be abolished, because it is not in accordance with humanity and justice. And the struggle for Indonesia's independence movement had reached a happy time with safe and tranquil to accompany the Indonesian people on the front of Indonesia State's gate, which is free, united, sovereign, just and prosperous.
Third, Indonesia's leaders which can't receive marxism, as a philosophy basing on materialism, looking for socialism sources in a society. For them, socialism in a psychological claim, a will shall build a just and prosperous society, free from all oppressions. The socialism in understood as an institutional claim, having a source in pure subconscious, basing on humanity and social justice. The religion increases its lighting. But, how to put it and what is the principle of its social? Bung Hatta answered them comprehensively. In brief : the principles of Indonesia's socialism are found at little villages society, which is collective, whose extent still last until now. A discussion of these principles must be careful and shall also take care of a discussion of the emergence of an individualization process, which is resulted from a modern economy. But, this individu­alization process still can't eliminate the collectivism within Indonesia's custom (and law of custom). The process will keep on continuing a san antithese toward collec­tivism in a pure society. But Indonesia's socialism ideals want to defense the spirit of a collectivism a sthe foundation of its building. This is a root in Indonesia's life intercourse.
Bung Hatta's view above-mentioned is a matter to interpret Indonesia's socialism. From that view emerges an essence of Chapter XIV (Chapter of Social Welfare) containing 2 paragraphs, namely Paragraph 33 and Paragraph 34 of DUD 1945. The existing of State's responsibility to its people, protecting all Indonesians by taking care of neglected children specially; protecting all born Indonesian (either earth, water or natural wealth contained within) and the use of them for the most people's pros­perity; moreove with the existing of a view resulting in citizen's rights relating to the equality of a position and the feasibility of a human life (Paragraph 27 of UUD 1945); confirming the existing of socialistic orientation. The regulation of taxes, wealth value (value of currency), state budget (Paragraph 23) more strengthening this orientation.

II.          DISCUSSION
The principle of Indonesia's economy is socialism, Indonesia's economy is Indonesia's socialist economy, Namely, an economy oriental to : Believe in God (the existing of ethics and religious moral and we must trust God is one, not a mate­rialism); Just and Civilized Humanity (without exploitation of human); Indonesia Unity (family spirit, togetherness, nationalsm and economic patriotism); Democracy (stressing people's economy and basic need goods for common people, economic democration); and Social Justice for all the Indonesian People (equality, stressing society's prosperity, even individual's one, social equity).
Justice is a main thing and priority. Person must have a just attitude without waiting for prosperous, is an order of religion. Not only the haves must have a just attitude but also the have nots must do so. So that, in writer's opinion. Indoesia's socialist economy is Ekonomi Pancasila. (distinguish with Scenario's Ekonomi Orde Baru).
The actualization of Ekonomi Pancasila interpretation begins to emerge when in a society begins to exist the doubting sides about development strategy considered stressing growth only that equity has been neglected, even it is ofter sacrificed. Various seminars about Paragraph 33 of UUD 1945 have been held by turns since the second five year development plan (Repelita II) has been implemented. Then this problem was culminating when Bung Hatta himself concluded in front of Congress of Indo­nesian Economic Scholar Association (ISEI) in 1979 that"......... our country is still based on Pancasila and Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 but politic of economy under our cur­rent technocrat often deviates from those principles. "Furher, he also told,"...... politic of liberalism is often used as directive. Vari­ous important things for people's life haven't been government's monopoly but Chineses."
Prof. Emil Salim has evaluated the proclamator's opinion as a differential way of view. He told,",........ In this congress had emerged various opinions over Bung Hatta's ones about this technocrat. There are some persons who correct him, there are also ones who refuse him. An interesting thing is that opinion difference is expressed rationally and objectively. An argumentation faces an argumentation. Statistical data is tested with other one. An analyse competes with an analyse. The economists' opinion can be different, but in a case has been clear, they have devoted their science and intellectual ability to society, nation and state. There are no among them "prostituting" themselves awarely, letting their intellectual integrity fall. The way of problem view can be different, but the direction of the devotion is indeed single, namely for a just, prosperous and happy Indonesian society.
According to Prof. Mubyarto, a good and ideal economy is based on some, characteristics as follows ;
1)      The Stimulation of Economic Activity
The basic principle of the one God forms Indoesia's man economic behavior clearly. Even if it is very difficult to prove that willingness of self-restraint, sensi­tive to others' thoughts and family spirit of Indonesian man concluding its businessmen and the haves are great enough.



2)      Equalization (French : Eqalitariansm)
If a family spirit, loving each other and sensitive to others' thoughts have been even at hte whole society, will incarnate becoming a social solidarity spirit toward social equity. This is a manifestation of the second basic principle of Pancasila namely just and civilized humanity.
3)      Economic Nationalism
The nationalism spirit either in politic or economic is very big for Indonesian. It proved in many battles against the Dutch colonizer in various areas and centers of kingdom during the Dutch has the authority in Indonesia, and war struggle to defend Indonesia's independence.
4)      The Cooperation problem.
The cooperation problem caused many comments. Many experts which simply trust that Ekonomi Pancasila system in the future will be colored by many cooperations, by doing activity in all economic life sectors. They trust that Bung Hatta's formulation in the expla­nation of Paragraph 33 UUD 1945 is indeed assumed as a sharp analyse that has a vision far to he future.
5)      Planning and Desentralization
Because Indonesia is a broad enough country, so central planning system can't be effective. Even the natural resources management can't be efficient. The decentralization should be an alterna­tive to manage this country. By a decentralization, equity goals can be achieved easily.

III.       CONCLUSION
Based on the discussion above, we can conclude that the Indonesia's economy had better be based on five basic principles that are called as Ekonomi Pancasila. In Mubyarto's opinion, it has five characteristics as follows:
1)      The wheel of economy should be moved by economic, social and moral stimula­tion.
2)      A strong will of the whole society toward social equity condition, according to humanity principles.
3)      The priority of economic policy is the creation of a strong national economy that means nationalism inspires each economic policy.
4)      Cooperation is a pillar of the national economy and it is the concretest form of mutual effort.
5)      The existing of a clear and strict balance between national planning and decen­tralization in an economic activity imple­mentation to insure economic and so­cial justice.

REFERENCES
1.       Adi Sasono, The Edification of Infor­mal Sector: Cooperatives as an Institutional Choice, in Sistem Ekonomi dan Demokrasi Ekonomi (with Editor : Sri Edi Swasono), UI-Press, Jakarta, 1985.
2.       Emil Salim, The Though Subjects : Building Cooperatives and Ekonomi Pancasila System, UI-Press. Jakarta. 1989.
3.       Mubyarto, Some Characteristics and Thoughts Base of Ekonomi Pancasila System, BPFE-UGM, Yogyakarta, 1990.
4.       Mohammad Hatta, The Cooperative Ideals In Paragraph 33 of UUD 1945, in System Ekonomi dan Demokrasi Ekonomi   (with Editor : Sri-Edi Swasono), UI-Pess. Jakarta, 1985.
5.       Sri-Edi Swasono, Indonesia's Economy : Religious Socialism, in Sistem Ekonomi dan Demokrasi Ekonomi, UI-Press, Jakarta, 1985.




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